Pests and diseases of peas and other legumes

Treatment of peas against the weevil pest

This pest of legumes is a black beetle 4-5 mm in size, covered with hairs on top.
Its elytra are shortened and do not cover the last two segments of the abdomen. At the end of the abdomen there is a white cross-shaped pattern. The egg is 0.6-1 mm in size, elliptical in shape, yellow. The larva is 5-6 mm long. Her small head is deeply retracted into the thoracic region of her body. The pupa is 4-5 mm in size, light yellow. The pest causes damage to peas. Most common in the southern regions.

Beetles overwinter in granaries, in straw stacks, among plant remains, under the bark of trees and in the soil. A massive emergence of beetles is observed at an air temperature of 26-28 C. The beetles enter the pea plantation along with the sown seeds, but most of them fly from wintering areas.

The largest number of beetles is observed at the end of May, during the appearance of buds and at the beginning of flowering. Beetles feed on pollen and flower petals.

Pea beetles are most active in hot weather. On cloudy days, as well as in the morning and evening, they hide in pea flowers or between compressed young leaves.

Beetles begin laying eggs from the beginning of June. The eggs laid by females on top of the beans are clearly visible against the green background.

Embryonic development of eggs continues for 7-10 days. After revival, the larva begins to gnaw through the wall of the bean, and then the tissue of the green, often underdeveloped, grain.

It is here that the further complete development of the larva, pupa and beetle of the new generation occurs. Several larvae can penetrate the grain at once, but only one of them survives. Larval development occurs within a month.

Damage to grains leads to a decrease in their weight and quality. The excrement of the larvae contains substances due to which the damaged grain cannot be used for food and livestock feed.

To combat pea pests, it is necessary to carry out timely collection and threshing of peas, as well as early plowing of the field.

Insidious pest

Under no circumstances will the pea weevil reproduce where there are no peas, and it will not eat anything else. While still a larva, the insect causes great harm to pea plantations: all the time before turning into a pupa, it lives in the grain and feeds on its pulp. The biggest danger is that the damaged fruit can no longer be used as food for either humans or livestock.

The excrement of this insect contains dangerous substances, such as the alkaloid cantharidin.

The damaged grain is significantly different from all the others: it is smaller in size, has a different shape, and its mass is significantly lower. Already formed beetles rarely harm plants on plantations: the pupa turns into a beetle only in early August, while the harvest takes place no later than July.

Egg-eating insects provide great assistance to agriculture: they destroy clutches of pea grains, which preserves most of the crop unharmed.

Damage caused and control of pea weevil

The parasite is widespread in all countries of Asia, Europe and North America where peas are intensively grown. The closest relatives of the pest are the Egyptian pea weevil, bean weevil and other pests of legumes. All of them cause enormous damage to agricultural crops. Adult pea weevils infect the harvested crop in storage facilities, and their larvae infect the fields.

Avoid eating or feeding peas contaminated with weevil to livestock. It is dangerous because damaged grains may contain beetles, larvae or their excrement, which cause inflammation of the intestines and kidneys.

In order to preserve the grain fund from parasites, it is necessary to apply all known measures to combat pea weevil:

• Treatment of grain with insecticides;
• Grain cooling;
• Preventive treatment and maintaining cleanliness in warehouses.

Morphology

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The beetle is broadly oval in shape, wide, shiny, closer to the edge, a tooth can be discerned. The beetle is black, with yellow and white hairs, with a white cross-shaped pattern at the end. This pattern is one of the species characteristics to distinguish the pea weevil from other weevils. shortened, not covering completely. Each with an oblique white band consisting of individual oblong spots. The length of the beetle is 4-5 mm. Various territorial populations of the pea weevil, in particular European and Siberian, do not differ morphologically.

Sexual dimorphism

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Weakly expressed sexual characteristics are observed: Individuals of different sexes differ in the structure of their genital organs.

amber-yellow, oval-oblong in shape. One end is slightly tapered. From the narrow end, two filamentous flagella are directed in different directions. Size 0.6-1 mm. Before (shedding the skin), reddish with three pairs and long hairs on the body. Adult legless, cream-colored. 5-6 mm long, creamy; small, deeply retracted into the strongly compacted thoracic region. loose, creamy, contained in a pea. Similar in shape to a beetle. Its size is 5-6 mm.

Pests

Most often, vegetable growers are concerned about pea pests, which prevent the bushes from growing and developing normally. If insects on seedlings are not detected in a timely manner, the seedlings will gradually die and it will not be possible to harvest from them. Therefore, it is recommended to familiarize yourself in advance with the most common pests and measures to combat them in order to promptly identify harmful insects on the bushes and get rid of them.

Pea aphid

Pea plants often suffer from aphids, which quickly spread to most of the bushes on the site. It is quite easy to identify this insect, since the pea aphid is considered the largest pest. Its dimensions are about 5 mm, and its wingspan is 10–12 mm.

Harmful insects seriously damage plants, especially in dry weather. They feed on pea juice and leave small wounds on the surface of the leaves, in which fungal diseases gradually develop. Aphids often attack peas during budding, causing the plant to weaken.

Pea weevil

Caryopsis or bruchus is found quite often on peas. This insect is widespread in most countries. However, plants growing in America, Africa, Asia and Europe most often suffer from the effects of this pest. In our country, the weevil appears on bushes only during severe drought and in the complete absence of rain.

Peas suffer from weevil when the seedlings flower. The pest penetrates the flowers of the plant and feeds on its pollen. The insect must be dealt with immediately, as it spreads to all pea bushes within 5–6 days. To quickly get rid of pests on seedlings, you will have to treat them with a solution of table salt.

Pea moth

This insect often appears on pea bushes and feeds on its leaves. The insect is quite large, as its wingspan is 15 mm. When it comes into contact with plants, the female lays eggs on the leaves. The eggs laid on the leaves are oval in shape and are about 1 mm long. Over time, light yellow caterpillars emerge from the eggs and grow up to 10 mm in length. If you do not get rid of insects in a timely manner, the deposited larvae completely eat up all the leaves.

When fighting a pest, mineral and organic fertilizers are added to the soil to make the plant stronger. Spraying is also carried out with a preparation made from tobacco, ash and celandine.

Nodule weevils

Nodule weevils often appear on legumes to feed on their leaves. They attack plants in the first days of spring to recover from the hungry days of winter.

To identify this pest, you will have to pay attention to the condition of the bushes. After the insect appears, gnawed areas appear on the leaves of the plant.

On the first day there will not be many such areas. However, over time, the leaves will begin to disappear completely, since the weevil can eat 1–2 cm of leaf per day.

It is recommended to get rid of the weevil pest as soon as it appears. To do this, all pea bushes are treated with ash, tobacco dust and other repellents.

Colorado beetle

Another pest that damages many different plants is the Colorado potato beetle. It is very easy to notice this beetle on the bushes, since it has a bright yolk color that stands out against the background of green leaves. When caught on bushes, adults lay eggs, which begin to feed on the leaves. If eggs are found on the leaves, you should immediately get rid of them and treat the bushes with protective agents against pests.

Umbrella psyllid

The psyllid is a small yellow insect that often appears on pea bushes. Such pests immediately penetrate the leaf tissues and feed on them. Because of this, the leaves stop growing, gradually become deformed and dry out.

Pea cutworm

Not only peas, but also many other plants suffer from pea cutworm. This butterfly is distinguished by its size, which with a wingspan reaches about 30–35 mm. When they land on plants, the adults lay larvae on the leaves, feeding on the pea juice.

To combat insects, biological products and insecticides are used, which will quickly clear the seedlings of pests.

Description and types of pest

All grains belong to the order of beetles.
The habitat is quite wide: weevils are found in Europe, Asia, North and South America. There are more than 1,000 species in nature, about 90 are found in Russia. However, not all weevils are classified as agricultural pests; many prefer to settle on wild plants. Despite the name, weevils have nothing to do with cereals; they prefer legumes, umbelliferous, and bindweed species.

Depending on the species, the size of adult grains varies from 1 to 22 mm. The body is covered with small hairs that form blurry spots. The color of the elytra is light gray, brown, brownish, the body is usually black. The larvae are thick, legless, and white.

Insects are thermophilic, active only in bright sunlight. The larvae develop inside grains (beans, beans, peas).

Pea: features

This type of beetle prefers to parasitize peas, occasionally moving to other legumes, mainly wild ones. You will not find it on beans, legumes and other cultivated representatives of the family.

The pea weevil is very small, the length of an adult insect does not exceed 5 mm. Beetle activity begins in the spring. At first they feed on the pollen of early weeds from the legume family, but with the beginning of pea flowering they move to the plantings. When the pods appear, the females lay a small, transparent white egg in each.

The larvae develop as the pea grows. When the peas ripen, the grown caterpillar penetrates one of them, gnawing a small cave. Here it completes its development, feeding on the pulp of the pea. There the larva pupates, turning into a beetle. After harvesting, infected grains end up in warehouses and barns, where insects overwinter.

Beans: main differences

The bean weevil is considered more dangerous than the pea weevil: it threatens several types of legumes at once.

The risk zone includes:

• all types of beans;
• peas;
• beans;
• rank;
• lentils;
• Vika;
• chickpeas;
• soybeans

The adult insect is smaller in size than the previous species - no more than 4 mm in length. The upper wings are dark brown, with longitudinal light spots. The insect develops in the same way as the pea weepsilon, but the fertility of the bean weevil is much higher. The female lays up to 20 eggs in each bean, and during the season their number reaches 100.

Small larvae can parasitize one pea or infect several at once. At the same time, adult beetles that ended up in storage along with the collected pods can continue to reproduce. The cycle of generational change does not stop; as a result, by spring the entire stock of beans, peas or lentils may be infected.

Damage caused by pea grains

Until the beetle gets out of the pea, it is difficult to detect the infection, since there is no visible damage. You can only notice a dark spot on the seed coat. The larvae damage peas in fields, and adults damage peas in storage.

Spoiled peas lose about 40% of their weight, and their seed quality is impaired. Damaged seeds do not germinate well. In addition, the excrement of the larvae contains harmful substances, so damaged peas should not only be eaten, but also fed to animals.

The pest can fly to new places from neighboring fields or enter with infected grains. Pea weevils are monophages, that is, they feed exclusively on cultivated peas.

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In my garden I set aside a bed for peas: I wanted to attract pea grains here. In May, the grains appeared. Who can tell where they came from? They spent the winter in some crack in the wall, and when the spring sun woke them up, they crawled out. The peas bloomed and they flew to their favorite plant.

Pea weevil: larva, beetle, pupa (x 4).

A small head with a narrow muzzle, a motley dress - a mixture of gray, brown and white hairs - with a vague white belt, a large tooth on the hind thighs - these are the signs of the guests of my pea patch.

The first grains appeared in mid-May. They climbed the pea flowers: some got inside, some stayed outside. The time for laying eggs has not yet come, and the bugs are not busy with anything, they are enjoying life. By midday it gets too hot and the grains hide in the shade. In the morning and evening they crawl on flowers and bask in the sun.

Several days pass. The most impatient females begin to lay eggs. They place them on very young beans: just buds, flat and very small. Such early eggs are dead offspring. There is no food yet for the larvae hatched from these early eggs: the seeds in the beans are tiny and watery. The larvae die of starvation. But the weevil is fertile, and the death of offspring is not unusual for it. She lays her eggs in such a way that most of her offspring are always doomed to death.

The peas are almost completely ripe. Eggs begin to be laid simply on the surface of the bean. The egg lies uncovered, the sun burns it, and the rain wets it. The pea that the larva will feed on is hidden inside the bean, and the larva must get to the food itself. The female lays more eggs on one bean than there are peas in it. She lays so many of them that there are five or eight eggs for each pea. Sometimes even ten, and possibly more: who can stop her from laying two dozen eggs per bean? But each larva needs a pea. Obviously, only a few will survive, while most will die: there will be no food for them.

Beginning of development of pea grain:. 1 - egg on a bean; 2 — cross-section through the larval passage; 3—young larva emerging from the burrow onto the inside of the bean; 4 — testicles on the bean; 5 - primary larva; 6 - one of its legs; 7 - serrated appendages of the pronotum of the larva. (Zoom in.)

Maliciousness

It is very difficult for an inexperienced eye to detect damaged peas before the beetles have emerged from them, since there are no external damages, but only a darker spot on the seed coat. [6]

The larva causes damage by damaging peas in the field, and the imago (adult beetle) in storage. [13]

Affected grains not only lose up to 40% of their weight, but also peas damaged by the weevil have low nutritional and seed quality. [7]

The harmfulness of the pea weevil also lies in the spoilage of the grain, since the larva during its development eats away large cavities, destroying about half of the endosperm or more. Damaged seeds lose their viability. In addition, up to 90% of the larvae’s excrement contains the alkaloid contharidin, which is harmful to the health of people and animals, so damaged grain cannot be used for food or animal feed. [3]

The pest enters new areas with non-fumigated infected pea grain, possibly with the help of beetles migrating to neighboring fields from infested crops. The pea weevil larva is a monophage and develops exclusively on cultivated peas. [5]

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Regulatory documents allow the presence of live beetles and pea weevil larvae in seeds of no more than 10 pieces per kilogram. [12]

Pea weevil (bruchus)

This is a beetle only 0.5 cm long, with a spot on the elytra that looks like a white cross. It is especially common in the Non-Black Earth Region, where it causes irreparable damage to legumes.

The female pest is often called pea weevil. They lay eggs on young shoots of legumes. Beetles feed on pollen from various plants, but they always damage legumes.

After 2 weeks, the eggs located on the pea flaps hatch into larvae that gnaw through the bean flaps and penetrate the unripe grain. Small chambers are formed in the peas, where only one larva is located, and pupation occurs there. The pupation process takes several weeks.

Damaged grain can be easily detected by a round dark spot on the shell. If the beetle leaves the pea, it leaves a noticeable round hole.

In the southern regions of Russia, beetles emerge from peas to overwinter under various plant remains on the soil surface or indoors. In the Non-Black Earth Region, however, the beetles remain in peas for the winter.

Bruchus can be detected and distinguished from other pests by its oviposition. The eggs in them are amber-yellow in color and 1 mm long.

Control measures. Agrotechnical and chemical control methods should be used. Reducing the area under peas, carrying out preventive treatments against the pest lead to a decrease in the number of the pest, and remove crops from wintering areas of the bruchus.

Early sowing of peas, deep loosening of the soil and autumn plowing are quite effective in combating bruchus.

If some of the peas are lost during harvesting, deep digging of the soil is required in the fall. It’s even better to treat the area with Mantis or Honda walk-behind tractors so that the grains on the soil surface remain in the ground. In this case, the bruchus will not be able to get out of the deep layers of the soil to the surface. But it is better to avoid loss of harvest, not to be late in harvesting and not to wait for the time when the fruits begin to crack.

If the grains still turn out to be infected with bruchus, you should make a concentrated solution of table salt and pour the peas intended for sowing into it. The bruchus peas will rise to the surface and can thus be easily removed from the seed.

Among the chemical control measures, it is worth noting the treatment of pea beds during flowering with karbofos (60 g of the drug per 10 liters of water). This treatment is carried out only three times at intervals of about a week.

Life of Bruchus

Bruchus is a beetle whose historical homeland was southern countries with a warm climate. But today it is a cosmopolitan insect that has successfully spread to areas around the world where its favorite food, peas, is grown. Its habitat has changed, according to biologists, due to human activity, which transported bruchus from continent to continent along with legume supplies.

This species can be called “monogamous” in the choice of food, although they also spread over territories with reserves of crops similar to peas: beans, vetch, chickpeas, lentils, beans, etc. But Bruchus females never lay their larvae, which feed on fruits; on these plants. Therefore, other legumes, unlike peas, are not threatened by this pest.

Wintering

Bruchus, due to its southern origin, has difficulty withstanding winter frosts. In central Russia and neighboring countries, larvae and beetles wait out unfavorable weather in insulated barns, warehouses, and granaries, waiting for the spring sun to warm up the air. They hide in nooks, crevices of the floor or walls.

In regions with warmer climates, the picture is different: beetles leave peas already in the autumn months. To survive the winter, bruchus chooses fallen leaves, hay and straw for shelter. Some individuals even go straight to the pea fields, escaping from the cold in the plant debris left after the harvest.

A new stage in the life of Bruchus begins at the end of April-May, when the beetles leave their shelters, scattering around the area. They prefer areas well illuminated by sunlight: gardens, fields, vegetable gardens, forest belts. Only part of the pest ends up in areas where peas are grown, along with planting material: most insects flock here in search of food after wintering. Bruchus feed on pollen and particles of pea flower petals.

Pea weevil is very sensitive to bad weather. She tries to climb inside the flower, where the wind will not disturb her.

Bruchus are very heat-loving creatures. Therefore, they are especially active in hot and sunny weather. If it starts to rain, they hide from the weather between the leaves and petals and wait for the precipitation to end.

The lifespan of a pea grain depends on the climatic conditions of the region. So, in the southern regions it lives up to 3 years, and in the northern latitudes this figure does not exceed 1 year, because it is very difficult for individuals to survive frosts.

Reproduction

In regions with a warm climate, the time for female Bruchus to lay eggs begins in June. In temperate and northern latitudes this period is pushed back approximately a month later. To create a clutch, the pea weevil tries to select the largest plants, with well-developed stems that stretch in height.

Beetles often fly 3 km in search of peas.

The larvae hatch from the egg 8 to 12 days after the clutch is laid.

Bruchus are very prolific. The female is capable of laying 70–200 eggs over the summer. On one plant their number can reach 35, but when the larvae are born, each of them occupies a separate bean.

Bruchus larva

Bruchus on peas causes damage to plantings, being in a larval state. In the first cycles of its development, it has a reddish body with three pairs of legs. There is a pattern on it that looks like the letter “H”. As it approaches the pupal stage, which is accompanied by molting, the larva takes on a thick and curved shape, and its body becomes a white-cream hue.

Bruchus larvae prefer mature and dried pea seeds. This is typical for most pests that attack legume plantings.

The intensively growing larva requires peas for nutrition. It eats away its cotyledons, eventually growing up to 6 mm in length. When the future bruchus leaves its nutrient-rich shelter directly depends on the climatic conditions of the environment. In the southern regions, soon after the cessation of development, the larva leaves the pea grain in the form of an adult, while in areas with cold climates it remains to winter in it in order to protect itself from destructive frosts. Such foresight ensures not only excellent survival of Bruchus larvae and an increase in population, but also extensive dispersal into nearby territories, where it is introduced along with peas.

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Inside the beans, the larva receives what it needs for development: shelter from external dangers and food. The entire cycle of transformation to an adult takes place in peas. During this time, the larvae manage to molt several times. When the time comes to transform into a pupa, they gnaw through the bean, leaving the last obstacle - the pea shell. The entire development of the larva takes approximately 1.5 months.

Bruchus pupa and imago

The size of the pupa does not differ from the adult larva – 0.5–0.6 mm. In appearance, it is already completely similar to the imago - the final stage of development, but continues to be in a pea. It will take her three weeks to be reborn into an adult.

Under favorable conditions, adult individuals leave their temporary home in mid-August or autumn. To do this, the beetle gnaws through the shell of the pea, leaving a hole in it, which later turns black. Its diameter is only 0.3 mm.

If the bruchus senses the approach of cold weather, then it remains in its shelter to spend the winter.

Pea pests and ways to combat them

Pea plantings attract many uninvited guests. As soon as its sprouts sprout, they are immediately attacked by nodule weevils, which, in large numbers, can destroy all the seedlings. If the young plants resist the onslaught of harmful beetles, grow up and form buds, the flowering shoots are attacked by the pea aphid, followed by the pea weevil.

To successfully combat all of the above pea pests, you need to know the characteristics of the life cycle of each of them.

Pests can destroy pea seedlings, so they must be destroyed in a timely manner

Control measures

In field:

Chemical method of control

The main way to fight is to use. Pea crops (seed and forage) are treated at the beginning of a single flowering and again after 8-10 days. If seed grain damage is up to 0.5%, it is recommended to treat only the edge strips of pea fields in three periods: in the phase of formation of tendrils, at the beginning of flowering and after 7-10 days.

Agrotechnical methods of control

Possible early sowing of peas; the use of resistant pea varieties that are less damaged by weevils than yellow pea varieties; possible early harvesting and threshing of peas; peeling of stubble after harvesting and deep autumn plowing, making it difficult for beetles to escape from the carrion; Thorough cleaning of threshing areas from plant residues. (?)

Destructive control measures in grain, products and raw materials

Chemical methods of control

The following methods are used for chemical disinfection of various food products:

Bey-Bienko G.Ya., Bogdanov-Katkov N.N., Falkenshtein B. Yu. et al. Agricultural entomology. Pests of agricultural crops and measures to combat them. Second, revised and expanded edition. – Moscow-Leningrad: Ogiz Selkhozgiz, 1949. – 764 p.

Budkevich P.F. Pests of grain and flour. – Moscow: publishing house of Narkomvnutorga, 1924. – 61 p.

Vasilyev V.P. Pests of agricultural crops and forests in three volumes. Volume I. Harmful nematodes, mollusks, arthropods (part one). Team of authors. Ed. acad. V.P. Vasilyeva. K., “Harvest”, 1973, p. 496 p. OK

Verderevsky D.D. An agronomist's guide to plant protection. A team of authors edited by Verderevsky D.D., Polevoy T.N., Shapa V.A. - Chisinau: “Cartea Moldovenasca”, 1968. - 724 p.

Ganiev M.M., Nedorezkov V.D., Sharipov Kh.G. Pests and diseases of grain and grain products during storage. - M.: KolosS, 2009. - 208 p.

Eremenko V.M., Brudnaya A.A., Menshova L.P., Ratanova V.F., Solodovnik P.S., Sosedov N.I. Guide to Pest Control for Grain Stocks. - M.: Kolos, 1967. -336 p.

Zakladnoy G.A., Sokolov E.A., Kogteva E.F., Chirkov A.M. A guide to pests of grain stocks and space as a means of combating them. - M.: Publishing house MGOU, 2003. - 108 p.

Instructions for pest control of grain stocks. Part 1. - M., 1992. - 120 p.

Lukyanovich F.K., Ter-Minasyan M.E. Fauna of the USSR. Coleoptera. Caryopsis beetles (Bruchidae). Moscow-Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957 - 209 p.

Maslov M.I., Magomedov U.Sh., Mordkovich Ya.B. Fundamentals of quarantine disinfection: monograph. – Voronezh: Scientific book, 2007. – 196 p.

Mordkovich Ya.B., Sokolov E.A. Reference book – identification of pests and other dangerous pests of raw materials, stock products and seed. – ed. Popovich V.V. – M.: Kolos, 1999. – 384 p.

Sadovnikov G.G. Biological features, prevalence, harmfulness and development of measures to combat the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.) in the Altai Territory., Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences., Publishing House AGAU, Kurgan - 2009. - 22 p.

Sokolov E.A. Pests of stocks, their quarantine significance and control measures. - Orenburg: Printing House "Dimur", 2004. - 104 p., ill.: 28 p.

Feidengold V.B., Alekseeva L.V., Zakladnoy G.A. and others. Measures to combat grain losses during procurement, post-harvest processing and storage at elevators and grain receiving enterprises. – M.: DeLi print, 2007. – 320 p.

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A malicious pest of cultivated pea varieties is a small beetle of the genus Bruchus, known as the pea weevil. It was first discovered on Russian territory in 1857. The pest spread from the Mediterranean thanks to contaminated seeds of legumes. However, it should be noted that the insect feeds exclusively on peas.

Pea pests and how to deal with them

Agronomists are unanimous in their opinion that pests can reduce the amount of harvest, degrade its taste and create storage problems. Agricultural techniques against pests will help you grow a rich harvest.

It is important to protect the plant in time and insure against insect attacks in the future. Every gardener should know about the principles of struggle

There are safe ways to treat peas against diseases in order to save the crop. If none of the methods helps, insects can be destroyed using chemicals. The method is selected based on the types of pests; protective and destructive agents are selected for each type. You can check for the presence of insects with a solution of table salt. If you soak an infected seed in it, larvae will float to the surface.

Pea weevil

On crops, young beetles appear at the beginning of flowering. Light yellow caterpillars gnaw through the bean flap and penetrate the pea. The main source of infection is seeds. Control measures:

• Carbonation of peas. This type of disarmament is carried out after harvesting. In this way, the seed fund is prepared.
• Treatment of seeds with Hexachlorane. The insecticide kills the weevil by its action. The procedure is carried out in spring or autumn.
• Spraying crops. The plant is pollinated with a 2.5% Metaphos solution 2 weeks before harvest.

Pea moth

Butterflies of the leaf roller family appear on crops during the budding period. The caterpillars that have bred during flowering penetrate inside the young pea and feed on the contents. There are two methods of control - biological and chemical:

1. During the egg-laying period, a lab-grown Trichogramma insect is released onto the crops.
2. The chemical method consists of spraying flowering peas with Chlorophos.

Spraying Trichogramma is an absolutely harmless biological method for humans and the environment.

Tuberous weevil

These insects are active in the spring. Individuals of several generations overwinter in remains or seed. The pest feeds on young shoots of peas and is capable of destroying plantations even at night. In addition to mechanical damage, infections are added and productivity decreases. Salvation from weevils will be treating the soil with insecticides Iskra, Diazinon, Lepidocid.

Pea aphid

The harmful insect is green in color, thanks to which it is well camouflaged inside the bush. It causes the greatest damage to the plant during budding and feeds on pollen. It is a carrier of viral diseases. Measures against aphid pests include weed control, soil loosening, artificial irrigation.

Legume or acacia moth

One of the most dangerous pests of legumes. Adults overwinter in the soil and emerge to the surface in the spring. Caterpillars infect peas, after which the latter lose their marketable value and germination capacity. You can resist insects in the following ways:

• Plow the soil deeply - this measure prevents the flight of butterflies.
• Provide spatial isolation. Do not plant beans near acacia trees.
• Spray the plant with chemical insecticides or biological pesticides.

chickpea fly

The pest larvae overwinter in the soil and appear as flies in the spring. The female lays eggs on the leaves (mines). Damaged greenery gradually dies off. The fight against flies consists of agricultural techniques: plowing the soil, killing weeds, treating with Chlorophos or Metaphos.

Insect development

The beetle that destroys peas is widespread in the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation, where the crop is sown en masse. The boundaries of the insect's habitat are not constant; they change depending on favorable weather conditions. There are many places where pea weevil overwinters. Basically these are storage facilities in which peas are stored. In the southern regions, a significant part of the grains waits out the cold season and winters in stacks of straw, under the bark of trees, among plant debris or in the soil.

Female pea weevils begin laying eggs en masse in early June. They place a clutch of an average of 35 eggs on top of green pea beans, firmly gluing them to the shoots of the plants using a special liquid mass. After drying, it forms a protective shell, under which half a millimeter amber-yellow oblong eggs are placed. Their development lasts, depending on conditions, for 6-12 days. The female can lay from 70 to 200 eggs over the entire period of her life, which lasts one year.

Having emerged, the caryopsis larva gnaws through the fleshy shell of the bean and gets into its middle. Here it gets to the still green pea grain, in which the entire process of pest development from larva, pupa and adult beetle takes place.

Interesting! Several individuals can penetrate a pea, but only one survives and develops.

The entrance hole in the grain shell overgrows over time and a small black dot remains. Before molting, the larvae have a reddish, worm-like body covered with long hairs. A newborn individual has a pair of legs. After a few days, she molts and becomes legless with her head strongly retracted into the front of her chest. Its color becomes creamy. Eating nutritious food, it gradually reaches a length of 5-6 mm. After molting several times, the larva completes its development. Before pupation, it forms a tunnel right up to the pea skin, but does not gnaw through it. The resulting cavity will contain a young beetle. Under favorable conditions, it is enough for him to press on the lid to come out. The emergence of adult weevils occurs at the end of July.

Pea pests

The pea moth is a butterfly that begins its flight when the peas bloom. She lays 24 eggs on the buds. Caterpillars will hatch from them, penetrate the bean and eat the young green peas. Later they will pupate and a new generation of insects will emerge.

Pest control measures include deep tillage of the soil and early sowing of seeds so that flowering begins before the butterfly hatches. If you frequently loosen the soil under the peas, you can destroy the pupae that are located near the bush. Treating peas with powder made from celandine, ash or tobacco will also give positive results.

The pea weevil is the larva of the Bruchus beetle. The larva overwinters in the grain, pupates there, and a new beetle emerges the next year. Protective measures include storing grain at sub-zero temperatures and treating it with a 3% solution of table salt before sowing. The floating seeds are removed; they contain beetle pupae. The fight against this type of pea pest involves early sowing of the crop.

The nodule weevil does no less harm to peas. This is a small bug about half a centimeter in size. He feasts on young shoots. It overwinters on plant debris. By eating the top, it does not allow the peas to even sprout, and lays larvae that will feed on the roots and peas.

In a month, a new generation of pests will emerge. You can prevent this bug from getting to your peas using repellent compounds. Tobacco dust, ash, dust from marigold plant residues will provide protection.

Aphids cause great damage to pea yields in a dry year. How to treat peas against pests depends on the population of the crop. Aphids weaken the plant by sucking out the sap and creating wounds on the surface where spores of fungal diseases can enter. A sooty fungus settles on its sugary secretions.

The fight against aphids is carried out in conjunction with other pests. The most commonly used preparations for peas are Iskra and Fastak. Fitoverm is very effective, which is approved for use in private households.

There are a lot of other insects that can harm a pea bed; they need to be combated by using decoctions, infusions, and spraying. But, most importantly, where pea pests have spread, diseases will follow.

Damage caused and control of pea weevil

Avoid eating or feeding peas contaminated with weevil to livestock. It is dangerous because damaged grains may contain beetles, larvae or their excrement, which cause inflammation of the intestines and kidneys.

The pea weevil (caryopsis family - order Rigid-snouted) is a beetle 4.5-5 mm long, dark, with yellowish and white stripes. Hind legs with a tooth and a shallow notch behind it. On the back half of the elytra there is an oblique snow-white band, usually broken into separate spots. The end of the abdomen (pygidium) has 2 dark spots, giving rise to a snow-white cross-shaped pattern. There is one small tooth along the edges of the frontal back. The testicle is 0.6-1 mm long, amber-yellow, oblong. An adult larva is 5-6 mm long, cream-colored, with a small brown head, deeply retracted into the very thickened thoracic region of the body; instead of pectoral legs, it has 3 pairs of mastoid warts. The first instar larva differs sharply from the following instars: it is orange in color, has 3 pairs of developed three-segmented legs; its body is covered with the rarest long bristles. Pupa 4-5 mm long, yellow.

Beetles overwinter inside grains in storage areas, also in the field, in fallen seeds. In spring, beetles fly out from wintering areas at temperatures of 20-22 degrees and below. They feed on blooming plants (esparcet, alfalfa, rapeseed, sow thistle, yarrow, umbelliferae, bird cherry, acacia, cherry plum, etc.), and then on peas. Beetles fly to pea plants during the period of budding and first flowering (late May - early June), and from time to time 10-12 days before flowering.

Pea weevil

(Bruchus pisorum L.) is an oval-shaped beetle, 4-5 mm long, grayish-brown in color, with a white cross-shaped spot at the end of the abdomen. It has an oblique white bandage on its elytra.

Egg

0.8 mm long, yellowish, oblong-oval. The larva is up to 6 mm long, whitish or cream-colored, thick, without legs, with a small retracted head.

Pea weevil can be harmful in the conditions of Ukraine, Krasnodar Territory, Rostov, Voronezh, Kursk regions. It is also found in Southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.

In more northern regions, the weevil damages peas only occasionally, in years with hotter summers.

The pea weevil overwinters in the beetle stage inside or outside pea grains, in the cracks of warehouses, in containers, etc. In the south, there are cases of beetles overwintering in the field (in the soil, under the bark of trees, in pea straw).

Peas infected with weevil have dark spots on the shell, under which the beetle in the pea can be seen. The damaged pea from which the beetle emerged has a regular round hole. Most of the beetles come out of the peas in the spring into storage or into the field.

Beetles that emerge from storage facilities in search of pea crops are capable of making long flights. During the flowering of peas, they flock to the crops and lay eggs on the setting pea pods. 6-10 days after the eggs are laid, the hatched larvae penetrate the pods and penetrate the inside of the pea.

The development of all stages of the caryopsis occurs inside the pea; the larva eats out a cavity in the grain and pupates here. Only one caryopsis larva can develop in one pea.

The larva of the weevil, according to research, develops within 29-36 days. The transformation of the larva into a pupa usually occurs from mid-August. Development in the pupal stage lasts 13-25 days, and the beetles formed from them remain inside the pea for the winter or, if the autumn is warm, they emerge from the grains and overwinter in warehouses.

Pea seeds damaged by weevil lose their viability. Peas infected with the weevil, filled with the excrement of the pest, are harmful to nutrition.

Control measures:

- to destroy the grain remaining in the field in the crumbled pea seeds, it is necessary to carry out peeling and then plowing after harvesting; — threshing of peas should be carried out immediately after harvesting, and great care is required in the work so as not to leave unthreshed beans in the straw; - threshing areas must be cleaned and plowed, and residues that have no economic value must be burned; — pea seeds are disinfected after threshing; — control of weevil on crops is carried out by pollinating them with insecticides;

The pea weevil is a small beetle. It is a dangerous pest of cultivated pea varieties. In the field, seeds are damaged by larvae, and during storage, by adult beetles.

In our country, these pests were first discovered in 1857. Initially, pea weevils lived in the Mediterranean, and from there, along with seeds, they penetrated everywhere. They can spread in the seeds of any type of legume, but they only eat peas.

Development

. Beetles hibernate. In the south, a significant part of them winter outside of granaries - in stacks of straw, among plant debris, under the bark of trees, etc. Inside granaries during warm winters, as well as in heated rooms, most beetles leave the grains and overwinter in various crevices, among heaps of peas, etc. Overwintered beetles appear in the spring (usually in May) in various stages, well heated by the sun - in gardens, on flowering bird cherry trees (along the edges of forest belts), weeds, ditches, etc. They partially enter pea crops with seeds, but most beetles fly to the fields from wintering areas, including last year's pea fields, where the beetles could overwinter in carrion and plant debris.

The colonization of crops begins at an air temperature of + 20 - + 22°C. Subsequently, under favorable weather conditions (temperatures +20-+29°C and relative air humidity 55-62%) and the availability of effective feed (pea pollen), the number of pests increases.

Beetles become noticeable during pea flowering - In the southern regions of Russia and Ukraine at the end of May or beginning of June. The emergence of peas occurs most rapidly at a temperature of 26-28 °C, more extensively at 20 °C and weakly at 15-16 °C and below.

High humidity accelerates the emergence of beetles from grains. They are concentrated in large numbers on the marginal plants of large areas. On plants, beetles hide between young leaves folded along the midrib, where they sometimes gnaw out small holes. During the flowering period of peas, beetles are more often found in flowers, where they feed on pollen and petals. Active in hot weather, on cloudy days, as well as in the morning and evening, they hide in pea flowers or between folded young leaves. Fields usually begin to be populated from the edges and then gradually spread over the entire area.

During her life, the female lays up to 222 eggs, and according to foreign authors, up to 740.

. After exiting, it immediately bites into the wall of the bean and through the gnawed hole penetrates into its middle. Being inside the bean, it soon bites into the tissue of the green, often underdeveloped grain, where full development subsequently occurs and a new generation of beetles is hatched. The entrance hole in the shell soon becomes overgrown and is noticeable in the form of a small black dot in ripened grains. Although several can penetrate the grain, in the future (with rare exceptions) only one remains, the rest die. In the forest-steppe zone (Kiev region), development lasts 36-37 - 25 days; in the steppe (Dnepropetrovsk region) - 29-36, pronymphs and - 13-18 days.

In the conditions of the Siberian population, only a part turn into beetles in the fall; the remaining ones overwinter and complete development in the spring of next year.

. Hatching of beetles begins in mid-August or in spring at the end of May.

Most of the beetles that hatch in the fall end up in granaries along with the peas, and some overwinter in natural conditions. The spring generation accumulates on wild early flowering plants (great plantain, dandelion, shepherd's purse, strawberry) and receives additional nutrition before moving to the main food plant.

. Under natural conditions, development stops at a temperature of 10-12 °C; the optimal temperature is 26-28 °C. The sum of effective temperatures required for the complete development cycle of the grain is 516-640 °C. During the normal harvesting period of peas (in July), only beetles are observed in the grains; in August, beetles are usually observed.

The pea grain and its pre-imaginal phases tolerate low temperatures quite well and do not die when overwintered in cold storage or in nature.

Appearance Features

The beetle reaches 4-5 millimeters in length. The body shape of the pea weevil is broadly oval. The body is shiny.

A tooth can be discerned at the edge near the elytra. The color is black, the body is covered with white and yellow hairs. At the tip of the abdomen there is a white cross-shaped pattern. This pattern is a distinctive feature of pea grains from their counterparts. The tibiae and bases of the antennae are rufous.

The elytra are short and do not completely cover the abdomen. Each elytra has a white oblique band. The eyes are bulging. The thighs of the hind legs have large, pointed teeth.

There are two types of pea grains - Siberian and European; they do not differ in appearance. But there are subtle differences between the sexes. Males and females differ in the structure of the genital organs and the length of the antennae; in males they are larger.

Pea grain eggs are oval, amber-yellow in color. The length of the egg ranges from 0.6-1 millimeter. One edge of the egg is slightly narrowed, with filamentous flagella extending from it.

Before molting, the larvae are reddish in color, with a body covered in long hairs and a pair of legs. The adult larva is cream-colored and has no legs. The head is small and noticeably retracted into the thoracic region. The length of the larva is 5-6 millimeters.

The pea weevil pupa is free. The color is cream. The shape of the pupa resembles an adult beetle. Its length is 5-6 millimeters.

Getting to know the insect

Bruchus belongs to the family of beetles called Coleoptera in Latin. It is small in size: the body length of adult individuals in the adult development phase is usually 0.4–0.5 mm.

In the photo of Bruchus, under magnification, 11-segmented antennae and 2 pairs of tarsi are visible, the first of which are turned forward, and the rest - backward.

Bruchus beetle

The body of the beetle is covered with small gray hairs, although it itself is black. The legs and antennae differ in color: they are partly yellow, often with a reddish tint. The head of Bruchus is relatively small. The pronotum is protected by a shield, and on the elytra of this beetle there are white spots resembling a cross in shape. This special pattern is what distinguishes the bruchus from other millstones.

The beetle's head has an elongated shape, which makes it look like a weevil. In English, the insect is even called “pea weevil” (pea weevil), which is incorrect from the point of view of biological classification.

How to deal with bean pests

Methods of combating weevil in an apartment boil down to identifying the source of infection and recycling or saving legumes. There is no need to use insecticides, since the larvae are inside the product. Infected fruits should not be eaten because they contain insect waste products.

Homemade methods for getting rid of bean weevil are based on the use of critical temperatures at which the pest dies. Storing the harvested crop in a cellar where the temperature is below 0 ° C will prevent the development of larvae. In an apartment, you can keep the collected beans in the refrigerator or heat them in the oven for an hour. These procedures will allow you to get rid of insects in the early stages of infection and avoid spoilage of the product.

Control of grain pests in the field involves the following activities:

1. Visual inspection of seeds before sowing. To identify infected beans, seeds are immersed in a saline solution for 7-8 minutes. The floating grains are rejected.
2. The use of insecticidal preparations during the fruit ripening phase.
3. Timely harvesting.
4. Cleaning up plant residues.

The set of measures outlined above will help minimize the infestation of beans by such a small but very harmful insect.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=0yi6SvCge7Y

How to deal with it?

Still, you won’t get far with the help of natural defenders alone. In the fight against it, it is necessary to resort to chemicals that will not harm the plant in any way, but are destructive to insects. Insecticides are very popular in the fight against weevil. It is necessary to treat the soil with them twice: during sowing and during harvesting.

Phosphine-based preparations are no less popular (with their help, fumigation is carried out either under some kind of film cover, or in a special fumigation chamber), as well as preparations for wet and aerosol disinfestation. Such disinfection methods are suitable for warehouses.

Opponents of chemical treatment have their own methods of pest control. The fact is that the weevil is very sensitive to temperature and does not reproduce or develop at temperatures below 20 degrees. Therefore, early sowing of peas and timely harvesting can, to some extent, protect peas from destruction by these insects.

Ways to fight

If bruchus appear on the site, then the problem should be solved immediately. There are no effective folk remedies against this pest; you will need “heavy” artillery in the form of chemicals (insecticides). Agrotechnical methods, which can also be used as preventive measures, will help reduce the risk of infection and prevent recurrence.

Special means

A solution of karbofos, prepared at the rate of 60 g per 10 liters of water, copes well with the population of bruchus that have taken a fancy to planted peas. The resulting composition is sprayed on flowering plants. One treatment will not be enough - three procedures will be required, carried out a week apart. You can also use the universal insecticide "Aktara", which, according to observations, reduces the number of pea weevils by 4 times.

In agriculture, in addition to spraying peas with insecticides, the following are used:

• gas disinfection;
• storage processing;
• use of preparations based on hydrogen phosphide (fumigation).

Chemicals must be used very carefully due to their high toxicity, so that the crop is safe for consumption after the plants have been treated. Also for this reason, when using chemicals, you must strictly follow the instructions and safety precautions.

Another specific way to combat bruchus is to freeze peas and other legumes in the freezer. The grain is unable to survive low temperatures for a long time. Therefore, when storing the harvest at home, it is recommended to put it in the freezer for 2 weeks, and when stable subzero temperatures set in, take it out onto the balcony or into a room without heating. Before cooking, it is enough to warm the beans at 60 °C.

Prevention

To significantly reduce the risk of logs appearing on pea plantings, you need to follow some rules:

1. Maintain crop rotation by changing the planting location.
2. Carefully inspect the seeds and plant only healthy ones.
3. Hill up the peas, loosen and fertilize the soil as necessary.
4. After harvesting, remove all plant debris and plant remains.
5. In autumn, dig the soil deeply.

To check the beans for infection, you need to dip the peas in a solution of table salt. Those that float to its surface cannot be planted.

Bruchus is a pest that causes irreparable harm to peas and makes the crop unsuitable for consumption.

To avoid this, it is important to be careful about the seeds and the rules for caring for the site. If infection has already occurred, control using chemical agents will be effective.

Pea weevil is also called bruchus. Initially, this pest did not exist in Russia; in 1857, along with infected legume seeds, it was brought from the Mediterranean. The climate in Russia turned out to be favorable for the reproduction and spread of the pea weevil, so in a short time this insect caused a lot of losses to agriculture.