Willow scale insect on currants - how to fight and get rid of it

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Published: 07/12/2019

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Scale insects, a voracious pest, attack leaves, flowers, even branches of trees or berry bushes. Fighting scale insects is a very troublesome and labor-intensive task.

If you notice small yellowish-brown spots on even one leaf, this means that uninvited guests have arrived in your garden or garden. Do not put off work until better times, start exterminating pests as quickly as possible, otherwise you will very soon see not individual spots on the leaves on grapes, plums, honeysuckle, but entire colonies of scale insects and their larvae.

When some species of this pest appear in agricultural areas of many countries around the world, quarantine is declared, and it continues until the insects are completely destroyed.

Where does the insect live? Anywhere. For example, you planted a pear, an apricot, a peach, a bed of strawberries has turned green, roses are growing in the flowerbed, lilacs are blooming near the fence, and behind the plot there are willows leaning towards the river. All of these are objects of destruction for the pest. Just like the fashionable conifers today - thujas, junipers...

And that is not all. Growing lemon or tangerine at home? Also inspect them for the appearance of uninvited guests; they also attack indoor plants.

• 1 What do scale insects look like?
• 2 Some types of scale insects living in our area
• 3 Impact on garden and vegetable plants
• 4 Scale insects on home flowers
• 5 How to get rid of this most vile creation of nature?
• 6 How to prevent the appearance of uninvited garden guests?
• 7 Treatment of plants with insecticides
• 8 Best Chemicals
• 9 Folk methods of struggle

What do scale insects look like?

According to the description, these are small insects that feed on the juice of almost any, with the exception of fragrant, plants, by the way, citrus fruits too. In nature, there are several thousand species of this insect. All of them are very voracious, and therefore dangerous even for large trees.

Shield insects switch from one type of food to another without any problems. It would be more accurate to say that they don’t care which plant they suck the juice from - from a felt cherry or an euonymus, from a pine tree or a cherry plum.

Male insects, unlike females, do not live long. It is the females and larvae that cause real damage to plants.

If you look at scale insects under a magnifying glass, you can see some similarities with tiny turtles. These insects also have a shell on their backs, just like turtles. This shell reliably protects the tiny body from external influences, including toxic chemicals. This is the reason why scale insects are so difficult to control.

Females lay eggs, from which larvae emerge very soon. Hordes of children immediately help their mothers destroy any vegetation in the garden or vegetable garden. Females and larvae secrete the so-called honeydew. This is nothing more than a product of their vital activity, causing fungal diseases of plants. It looks like the work of aphids. By the way, ants do not eat either aphids or scale insects, so you don’t need them on your site either.

Tiny scale insects are capable of sucking plant sap even through the bark: this causes the death of young shoots of spruce trees, juniper bushes, birch trees, and oranges. It is not difficult for them to bite through leaves or fruits. Here is a photo of the scale insect.

What is scale insects and its types

The pest got its name due to the fact that it has a special shield for protection. It consists of the remains of larvae, which are securely glued together. Externally, the protective coating of scale insects resembles dark tree bark.

Among the characteristics of insects, their small size, about 4-5 mm in length, is distinguished. They feed on juice found in apple fruits and tree leaves. This is why many recommend getting rid of scale insects immediately. If this is not done in time, the ovaries, ripe apples and leaves will begin to darken and rot.

Signs that indicate the presence of insects include:

• cracking of the bark, which is accompanied by falling branches;
• yellowing and curling of leaves;
• slowing down the growth of trees, due to which they can dry out.

There are several varieties of scale insects that can appear on apple trees:

• Californian. It appears not only on apple trees, but also on many other fruit trees. When plants are infected, black dots with light spots appear on the leaves.
• Comma-shaped. Apple comma insects are easy to spot because they are white in color. They have an oblong shape and grow up to 3-4 cm. Such insects can easily tolerate temperatures dropping to 25-35 degrees below zero.
• False shield. The pest affects apple trees, gooseberries, currants, bird cherry, and raspberries. Individuals differ from other varieties by a flat shield of a yellowish tint.

See also

Why doesn’t the apple tree grow in height on the site after planting and what to doRead

Some types of scale insects living in our area

The following types of pests most often appear on Russian territory:

• California scale insect;
• mulberry pseudaulacaspis pentagona;
• plum;
• apple comma (in Latin lepidosaphes ulmi);
• beet;
• acacia;
• hazel;
• purple;
• brown;
• willow;
• Rosenaya

This does not mean that there are no other species of this insect in our area. We also have other species, but they are not as widespread as the ones listed above. It's not easy to get rid of them all. There are also false scale insects, which also only cause harm and prevent plants from developing.

Portrait of the enemy

In order to know the enemy by sight, let’s get to know the insect better and learn about its lifestyle and feeding methods. This will be the starting point for choosing a method of dealing with this violator of the boundaries of our garden.

Look at what scale insects look like on an apple tree in the photo; can they be mistaken for an ordinary insect without knowing it?

Scale insect on an apple tree

Most likely, it will seem to us that the branch is covered with some kind of growths in the form of commas.

Biological certificate

The apple scale insect, in Latin Lepidosaphes ulmi, belongs to the hemiptera insects of the scale insect family. It parasitizes mainly apple trees, although it can also infect some other tree species. Its distribution area corresponds to the distribution of the plants on which it feeds - mainly in zones with temperate and warm climates.

Attention! Where there are apple trees, scale insects can also be found!

Description

Scale insects are very small. The length of the body of an adult individual rarely reaches one and a half millimeters, and the shield covering it grows to three. In females it is dark, its color is brown closer to brown. The shield of the male is lighter, it blends more with the apple bark.

Our help! Insects form the shield from the material that appears when they molt.

Life cycle

Scale insects, like other hemipteran insects, are arthropods with incomplete metamorphosis. In their development they go through only three stages:

• egg;
• nymph;
• imago.

Reference! Insects with complete metamorphosis have four stages of development: egg - larva - pupa - adult.

The female lays eggs in the middle - end of August on the bark of trees under the scutellum; their number is uneven and can vary from a couple of dozen to a hundred pieces. The eggs then go away into the winter. These are very cold-resistant organisms; they are able to survive frosts of over thirty degrees Celsius under their microshelters.

In the spring, when the air temperature reaches 8-10 degrees and the apple trees bloom, the insect eggs will begin to degenerate into nymphs. This process usually takes about half a month. In the first days of life, young nymphs are very active, they quickly move along the tree trunk, trying to get enough as quickly as possible.

Interesting! Because of their excessive fussiness, two- to three-day-old nymphs of scale insects are called strays.

Having found a place for themselves on the bark of an apple tree, the nymphs lose their mobility and, having attached themselves to the branch, become covered with a white coating similar to fluff. At this time they are very defenseless, and are susceptible to being eaten by birds and predatory insects such as the seven-spotted ladybug.

Feeding on the sap of the tree, the insect grows, and after a couple of weeks its first molt occurs. The nymph begins to build her scute from the shed chitinous cover. After another month of increased feeding, the nymph molts again, turning into an adult insect.

By the way! Nymphs differ from adult insects only in the color of their integumentary tissues, and their body shape is almost identical.

The nymph can develop into a male or female, and the number of males usually accounts for about one-fifth of the colony. Before the mating season, males crawl out from under the scutes and go in search of a suitable female, after which they mate.

This is interesting! In scale insects, asexual peternogenic reproduction is also possible. But the form with bisexual genesis is more viable.

In the climatic conditions of the middle zone, one generation of the apple scale occurs, in the south of the country - two.

Nutrition

Scale insects feed on plant juices, and insects are able to suck them not only from the bark, but even from leaves or fruits.

It should be noted that insects also attack other trees, including fruit trees:

• pears;
• plums;
• currant.

The pest can also parasitize other plant species, for example:

• on hawthorn;
• on a rowan tree.

Impact on garden and vegetable plants

Scale insects in the garden cause a lot of trouble for the summer resident. Initially, single tiny oval-shaped scales can be seen on the leaves or branches of plants. These are young female scale insects. The maximum size of an adult female can reach no more than five millimeters.

During the life of the females, sticky spots soon appear on the leaves.

At the same time, you can see through holes in the leaves. The damage was done by females or larvae. Soon the leaf around the hole begins to turn yellow. Then yellowness covers the entire surface of the leaf, and it falls off. The same thing happens with pine needles.

If scale insects have chosen the branches or trunks of fruit trees, then shallow cracks in the bark soon appear there.

On such branches, flowers and ovaries fall off, and they themselves later lose leaves. With an earlier attack, flowering will not occur.

If scale insects infect a plant or tree while the fruit is ripening, the fruit or vegetables become stained and die.

Along with all these troubles, pockets of sooty fungus appear on plants. The disease progresses rapidly, the plants stop growing and may die. The treatment is complex.

As for fruit trees and berry bushes, scale insects prefer to destroy seedlings or young bushes and trees. They quickly destroy a young vineyard, destroy cherry and apple trees in the gardens, feast on gooseberries in the garden, and do not allow the planting of conifers.

Scale insects on indoor plants

In an apartment, the danger of scale insects is aggravated by the fact that in favorable home conditions they can breed all year round, without a dormant period in the cold months. The process of changing generations (and therefore eating plants) is continuous.

Scale insects can enter an apartment along with new plants, contaminated soil brought from the store, and even be carried by the wind (at the stage of wandering larvae). Subsequently, the females attach themselves to the leaves and begin to do their dirty work, and the mobile larvae easily move to neighboring plants.

As in the garden, scale insects in indoor conditions infect almost all types of plants, even those that are poisonous to most other organisms. They especially “like” palm trees, bromeliads, and citrus fruits. In an apartment, you can equally successfully find scale insects on ficus, lemon, ivy, orchid, cyperus, asparagus, crassula, cactus...

Then, in damaged plants, everything follows the algorithm described above: yellowing, drying out, dying...

Let's look at how to successfully fight scale insects at home below.

Scale on house flowers

If scale insects disappear in gardens and vegetable gardens in winter, then at home they reproduce all year round. This means that the process of eating houseplants can continue without interruption. Where does the pest come from?

Scale insects can get inside rooms in different ways. Even a light breeze can carry them into the house. However, most often they end up with gardeners along with plant soil. There are many cases where scale insect larvae live in store soil. What can we say about the soil that flower growers simply take from the street or from the forest.

Make it a rule: before planting a new plant in a pot, be sure to water the soil with a weak solution of manganese or soda ash. Under the influence of these solutions, the parasites die.

Female scale insects attach themselves to the leaves of houseplants in the places where they intend to lay eggs. The larvae of this nasty insect easily move from one flower to another and can destroy all the vegetation in the house, starting with myrtle and ending with indoor strawberries.

House scale insects, just like outdoor ones, attack absolutely any indoor plants. They prefer to feed on the juice of palm trees, bromeliads and citrus fruits. Scale insects can easily pierce both a durable ficus leaf and a thick cactus peel.

External signs of damage to indoor plants are exactly the same as on outdoor plants. The video will show this more clearly.

Comma-shaped scale

It is found in any region and affects apple, plum, pear and even currant bushes.
Does not ignore rowan and hawthorn. On the bark of affected trees, small scutes can be seen, shaped like commas. The female is located in the narrow part of such a shield. The larvae are yellow in color and have red eyes. They leave their scutes and spread throughout the plant within a couple of weeks.

By sucking juices, the scale insect harms the plant. It can develop to such an extent that it covers branches and trunks with a continuous carpet. Over time, the affected areas of the bark die, the foliage falls off, and the young shoots dry out. The tree loses its resistance to winter and does not resist bark beetles and black cancer.

False California parasite

Harmful not only to fruit trees. It is capable of infecting hawthorn, willow, poplar, linden and yellow acacia. The shape of the insect is round or oval, the scutes are of two shades.

The larvae overwinter on tree bark. As summer approaches, the emerging females lay eggs. The emerging larvae crawl throughout the tree and stick to the bark.

Willow scale

It is more often found in northern places. It lives on currant, raspberry or gooseberry bushes, but is quite populated on aspen, rowan, bird cherry and other trees. The shields are flat in shape and resemble lime splashes in appearance.

The laid eggs overwinter under the scutes of dead females. The larvae become mobile during the currant flowering season and quickly spread throughout the plant. If the number of insects is high, then they are able to cover the branches with a continuous cover of a gray shade.

Acacia or common false shield

Found on grapes and other stone fruits. The shape is a semicircular shield of a reddish color. Females attach themselves to last year’s shoots from which they can receive food and the shell hardens. They lay new offspring underneath. After the death of the female, the shield serves as protection for small scale insects. In May, young scale insects hatch from the laid eggs and spread throughout the plant on the underside of the leaves. In the fall they move to annual shoots and spend the winter there without protection. In the spring they become sexually mature individuals.

Methods of control and protection of the garden from pests

• The main method is mechanical cleaning of the bark using brushes with metal bristles. This makes it possible to destroy the scutes and all the eggs hidden under them as much as possible. If there are areas that are most severely affected by willow scale, then it is recommended to remove and burn such shoots.
• Scale insects that appear on young seedlings are removed mechanically using the washing method with simple laundry soap. In this case, it is recommended to spray the upper areas of the soil with toxic preparations or even replace them completely.
• Older trees are much more difficult to wash. For this reason, they are scraped with brushes and additionally treated with insecticides. Actellik is best suited when used in the fight against aphids, whiteflies, and mites.
• If the number of larvae is high, it is allowed to spray with a soap solution to which calcined salt has been added. People use onion, garlic or tobacco infusions, as well as decoctions of celandine, pine needles, and yarrow.
• Auxiliary control measures include the timely use of complex fertilizer compositions, thinning crowns, removing dried branches, and digging up the soil.

To prevent possible infection with scale insects, it is recommended to purchase plant seedlings from special nurseries that guarantee the complete absence of parasites.

How to get rid of this most vile creation of nature?

Pest control should begin immediately as soon as the first plaque is noticed on the plant. Delay can lead to the most unpredictable consequences, including the death of plants.

If scale insects are detected early on a houseplant, it is enough to remove these plaques with a brush or swab dipped in a soap solution. Then the entire flower must be washed first with soapy water and then with warm, clean water.

The place where the pot with this flower stood must be treated with any alcohol-containing liquids. It is not worth returning the flower to its place, so as not to risk infecting other plants. After a week, you need to repeat the entire washing procedure again. If after a couple of days the presence of scale insects on the flower is not detected, then the pot can be returned to its original place.

If the location of scale insects is found on a tree branch or the stem of a berry bush, then this place must be cleaned mechanically, as on indoor plants. For convenience, you can spread a film under such a branch.

After finishing the work, it must be burned with all its contents, since tiny scale insect larvae from it can fall into the soil and move back onto the tree. The pest's life cycle will continue.

Struggle

Prevention

Bearing in mind that it is easier to prevent trouble, we will tell you about preventive measures against scale insects. They are not at all difficult and should be performed in every garden:

1. Timely sanitary and rejuvenating spring pruning of apple trees. At the same time, branches that thicken the crown are also cut out.
2. Constantly inspect the tree for possible infection, because a small colony of pests is easier to destroy.
3. Inspection of seedlings purchased both from a good neighbor in the country, and from specialized stores and fruit nurseries.
4. Regular removal of lichens, mosses and peeling of bark, sanitary treatment of tree wounds with recommended preparations, the same garden varnish

Chemicals and other spray preparations

Protected by their shells, scale insects are practically not susceptible to the destructive properties of pesticides. The only time to try sanitization is when the stray nymphs appear. Then their delicate bodies may die from the spraying.

Attention! In addition to the dangerous chemicals with which all the shelves of garden stores are littered, you can also get by with biological preparations, such as Fitoverm.

Basically, the methods of combating scale insects on apple trees are of a mechanical nature. This includes all kinds of bark cleansing and washing with various preparations.

Metal brushes

The brushes that I use to treat rust on metal are perfect for scraping scale insects from plant trunks and branches. Although it must be said that it is better to cut off a severely affected branch and burn it.

How to prevent the appearance of uninvited garden guests?

Preventive measures are the most effective protection of plants and trees from scale insects. In order not to miss the appearance of these pests, you need to inspect your plantings daily. Particular attention should be paid to the underside of the leaves. It is there that scale insects prefer to lay eggs and where the first colonies of larvae appear.

A good preventive measure is treating plants and trees with an aqueous solution of Fitosporin-M. Spraying is done in early spring, and watering the soil in late autumn. This biologically active drug has a systemic effect on insects.

The aqueous solution of the product is absorbed into the plants. The active substance enters the insect body along with the juice. It does not have a negative effect on plants. The effect of the drug on insects lasts 20 days.

Prevention

Let us note a common truth - it is easier to prevent plants from being damaged by diseases or pests by performing simple preventive treatments of plants and soil near the trunk than to selflessly fight pests, losing funds for the purchase of chemicals, the harvest and, possibly, the plant itself.

Frequency of treatments

Here is a calendar of plant treatments for scale insects in the spring. At this time, the scale insects are actively developing, the larvae hatch, and at the end of May the males throw off their scutes and scatter around the garden in search of females. Therefore, the main stage of the struggle is spring:

• early spring, the time before the buds swell - the period of the first treatment of shrubs against diseases and wintering scale insects;
• the beginning of the formation of flower buds is the time to combat most pests, including scale insects;
• at the end of flowering - preventive treatment with contact insecticides;
• further preventive treatments are carried out using folk recipes at intervals of 10 days. A minimum of three treatments are carried out.

Natural enemies

Among the natural enemies of different types of scale insects, we will highlight 2 worst enemies of parasites:

1. Prospaltella or “Prospaltella perniciosi” is one of the parasites, in the diet of which the scale insect occupies one of the first places. You just need to be very careful with this parasite, because... if its concentration is high, apple and pear trees may die.
2. The well-known assistant against aphids will help gardeners destroy parasites - this is the well-known ladybug, or rather the reniform and two-spot chylorus. These helpers destroy up to 70% of scale insects in the garden. One “baby sun” eats at least 700 pieces of “vagrants” and “nymphs”.

Treatment of plants with insecticides

Chemicals are effective, but they are used when there are too many pests, given the danger of such products. In this case, most often severely affected plants or tree branches have to be completely removed and burned. The treatment concerns the remaining part of the tree or neighboring plants.

Unfortunately, chemicals cannot ensure complete destruction of scale insects. The reason for this is the presence of a shell in insects. Pests die only when the drug comes into contact with the body, but not with the shell. This means that the drug will kill the eggs and larvae of scale insects, but most of the adults will survive and continue to cause harm.

This means, if time permits, it is worth spraying the plants generously with soapy water. If there is no time for this, then chemical treatment will have to be done three times with an interval of one week between sprayings.

Ways to fight

The scale insect is a quarantine pest: it is easier to prevent the spread of the insect throughout the territory than to fight an entire colony. Most often, a scale infestation can be detected only when the infestation becomes pronounced. Therefore, to prevent the appearance and spread of the insect, the following measures should be followed:

1. Careful inspection of newly acquired planting material.
2. Placing plants for quarantine.
3. Systematic examination of seedlings for red spots, punctures and honeydew on leaf blades.
4. It is necessary to thin out the tree crowns, remove old branches and leaves, and loose bark.
5. Water and fertilize the plantings in a timely manner.

Folk

Effective methods of combating scale insects, tested by gardeners:

• Alcohol solution. Wipe the location of the insect colony with an alcohol solution.
• Garlic infusion. Grind the head of garlic and add a liter of water. Leave for 12 hours. After this, wash the infected seedling or filter the mixture and spray the affected areas.
• Onion infusion. Preparing the solution and processing the plantings is carried out similarly to the method with garlic infusion; one large onion is ground per liter of water.
• Pepper infusion. Boil 100 grams of hot pepper pods in a liter of water, cool, and leave for 24 hours. Filter the infusion and spray.
• Soap solution. Pepper, onion or garlic infusion is mixed with a solution of laundry soap (200 grams per 10 liters of water) in equal proportions, wiped or sprayed on the affected areas.

Using store-bought drugs

To get rid of scale insects, treatment is carried out with store-bought preparations. In all cases, one-time.

The best chemicals

According to the majority of experienced gardeners and gardeners, an effective chemical remedy for scale insects is the Aktara insecticide. Its destructive effect on insects lasts for a whole month. An aqueous solution of this product is not only sprayed on plants, but also watered on the soil underneath them.

In second place in popularity are organic neonicotinoid pesticides. Under their influence, the functioning of the nervous system of insects stops. They can neither move nor eat, and die of hunger. Such remedies include drugs Apache, Mospilan, Tanrek, Golden Iskra, Confidor, Colorado.

Many summer residents prefer to use juvenoids. They are synthetic analogues of insect hormones. These substances disrupt the metabolic processes in pests, causing them to soon die. Drugs with this effect are Admiral, Phasis, and some others.

Also, in the fight against scale insects, enteric-contact drugs can be used. When they enter the digestive system of insects, they die very quickly. This category of protective drugs includes Karbofos, Actellik, Alatar, Kemifos, Antiklesch, Novaktion.

All of the above drugs are very toxic. They must be used only in strict accordance with the instructions, and they are always included with each package. When processing plants, you must follow safety rules. In particular, you need to work with them wearing glasses, rubber gloves, protective clothing, and a respirator.

Prevention of re-infection

When using preparations for scale insects on fruit and other trees, you need to carefully treat them and prevent their reappearance.

Prevention can be used as the initial method of removing parasites:

• It must be remembered that sexually mature individuals are inactive, which means that it is necessary to stop planting new trees for a while. Especially in close proximity to infected crops;
• buying seedlings from reliable sellers is also a kind of insect control. It must be remembered that most cases of infection occur due to the acquisition of infected seedlings;
• autumn should be accompanied by digging up the soil, and spring by removing the remains of leaves and infected parts of trees and other vegetation.

These simple methods protect the area from the scourge of scale insects. Periodic inspections of the plant will prevent parasites from multiplying and will help preserve the harvest. Fighting scale insects is not an easy task, however, comprehensive control measures have a noticeable effect and allow you to achieve good results.

False scale insects on conifers, how to quickly and effectively get rid of the insect, read more in this article.

What to do and how to fight the parasite

To prevent the currants from dying, you need to start fighting insects as early as possible. To get rid of pests, chemicals and folk remedies are used. The first method is used in the presence of a large number of insects at any stage of vegetation development, the second is suitable in the early stages of infection, when there are not very many parasites, at the stage of bush vegetation before the berries begin to ripen.

1- larvae and pupae of scale insects; 2- scale insect on currants

Folk methods of struggle

Traditional recipes involve the use of rather aggressive ingredients (garlic, pepper, soap), which can lead to burns on the foliage. In this regard, it is necessary to irrigate with clean water after each treatment. To eliminate scale insects and false scale insects, you can use the following folk recipes:

1. Soap-oil solution - add 15 g of liquid soap and 1 tsp to 1 liter of warm water. sunflower oil. The resulting liquid is used to lubricate plant leaves and shoots using a cotton swab. After 8 hours, thoroughly irrigate with clean water to wash off the emulsion. Repeat the manipulations in this order 3 times with an interval of 10 days between them.

2. Garlic infusion — add 10 cloves of garlic, crushed to a pulp, to 200 ml of water at room temperature. Leave the infusion for 2 days, then filter. Dilute the concentrate in 1 liter of water, spray on the leaves and shoots from a spray bottle. After 10 hours, be sure to wash off the product with clean water.

3. Pepper infusion — add 50 g of hot pepper to 500 ml of water, boil for 15 minutes, then leave for a day in a dark room. Add 10 ml of concentrate and 10 ml of liquid soap to 1 liter of clean water. The resulting emulsion is sprayed onto the bushes. After 10 hours, wash off the solution with clean water.

4. Dust the sheet with tobacco dust or wood ash - processed according to plants and soil. It is not necessary to wash off the products from the foliage.

Chemicals

List of chemicals that will help eliminate scale insects and false scale insects from currants:

1. “Actellik” - take 1 ampoule of the substance for 1 liter of water. To process 10 m², 2 liters of working fluid are required. If after 3 days the number of pests has not decreased, spray again.
2. “Aktara” - the best results are obtained by simultaneous watering at the roots and spraying on the leaves. Add 8 g of granular preparation to 10 liters of warm (+30°C) water. This amount is enough to process 10 m² of area. 300 ml is added to the root of each plant, the rest is sprayed with a spray bottle.
3. “Phosbecid” - add 20 ml of liquid to 10 liters of water. This amount is enough to process 10 m² of currant plantings.
4. “Admiral” - 1 ml of the drug is used for 4 liters of water. This is enough to spray 100 m² of plantings.
5. “Spark” - add 2 ml of product to 1 liter of water; in case of serious damage, the dosage is increased to 6 ml. Consumption per 10 m² is in the range of 0.4–0.8 l of working fluid.

Important! When using chemicals to eliminate pests, be sure to read the manufacturer's instructions and do not exceed the specified dosage. In addition, it is very important to observe your own safety measures - always use a respirator, safety glasses and wear clothing that covers the skin as much as possible.

The drugs in question can be used no more than 4 times per season.
Otherwise, parasites will develop resistance to them, and people who eat currants will expose themselves to the danger of serious poisoning. Taking this into account, the last treatment with chemicals should be carried out no later than 21 days before picking the berries.